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The Neo-Concrete Movement (1959-61) was a Brazilian art movement, which developed from Rio de Janeiro’s Grupo Frente, a coalition of artists working in Concrete Art. Neoconcrete artists rejected the pure rationalist approach of concrete art and embraced a more phenomenological and less scientific art. Ferreira Gullar inspired Neo-Concrete philosophy through his essay “Theory of the Non-Object” (1959) and wrote the “Neo-concrete Manifesto” (1959) which outlines what Neo-Concrete art should be. Lygia Clark and Helio Oiticica were among the primary leaders of this movement. ==Artistic Context== After World War One, Europe witnessed a boom of art movements based upon rationalism such as De Stijl and Bauhaus. Artists believed humanity would be able to achieve progress through its ability to reason. In Latin America, ideas of rationalist and non-objective art took root in the early 1950s in reaction to the muralism controversy.〔 Lucie-Smith, Edward. ‘‘Latin American Art of the 20th Century''. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2004. 121, 137.〕 Governments such as the Mexican government utilized muralists to create propaganda. Under repressive Latin American governments, artists rebelled against the idea of aiding the political regime through figurative art; therefore geometric abstraction and concretism ushered in an art that did not connote anything political or have really any meaning at all. Concrete Art was able to flourish beneath these repressive regimes because it held no political messages or incendiary material.〔 In Brazil, ideas of rationalist art and geometric abstraction arose in the early 1950s following the establishment of a democratic republic in 1946. The period from 1946 to 1964 is known as the Second Brazilian Republic.〔 Flynn, Peter. Flynn, Peter. ''Nations of the Modern World, Brazil: A Political Analysis''. Boulder: Westview Press, 1978.〕 Groups such as Ruptura in Sao Paulo and Grupo Frente in Rio de Janeiro rose. Specifically Ruptura followed the ideal of pure mathematical art which does not connote meaning outside of what it is.〔 ''Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Latin American and Caribbean Cultures''. Ed. Daniel Balderston, Mike Gonzalez, and Ana M. Lopez. London: Routledge, 2002. 1032.〕 The Neo-Concrete Art Movement arose when Grupo Frente realized that Concretism was “naïve and somewhat colonialist” and an “overly rational conception of abstract structure.”〔 Brett, Guy. "Lygia Clark and Helio Oiticica." ''Latin American Artists of the Nineteenth Century.'' New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1993. 101.〕 In 1961 as the political tides began to turn, the Neo-Concrete artists disbanded no longer content to limit themselves to this one philosophy. Lygia Clark and Helio Oiticica, leaders of the Neo-Concrete movement, put their energy into Conceptual Art. Art historians often refer to Neo-Concretism as the precursor to Conceptual Art because of the foundation of “abstruse metaphysics.”〔 On April 1,1964, a military coup removed Joao Goulart and established a military government in Brazil until 1985.〔 The increase of violence called for a new kind of art that had the potential to carry meaning and deconstruct traditional thought even further. This came in the form of Conceptual Art. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Neo-Concrete Movement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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